What does “probate” mean?
By Steve & Kiley Stuchlik, Attorneys at Law
 
            Probate is the legal (court) process for the general administration of an individual’s estate, with or without a will (i.e., payment of decedent’s debts and distribution of a decedent’s asset as directed in the decedent’s will or as directed by the state’s intestate succession laws in the case of a decedent who passed without a last will). 
          It’s important to note that there may be more than one process available for the distribution of the assets of a decedent, which will be dictated by the laws of the state of administration (where the decedent was domiciled or owned real property). Idaho and Oregon, the two states we practice in, for example, vary quite a bit in their options; but, both states do have a more expedient “small estate” process available for estates where the value of the decedent’s assets is under certain amounts. Idaho also has a proceeding available for a surviving spouse where an estate consists solely of community property.
           Depending on the nature of the decedent’s assets, the assets may be “non-probate assets,” meaning assets will pass outside of probate such as by a beneficiary designation or payable on death designation; thus, unless the decedent also has assets that are subject to probate administration, no court probate proceeding will need to be initiated.
           If you have been nominated to be in charge of an estate or you are a potential heir to the estate of a relative who passed away without a will, it is important to discuss the decedent’s situation with an attorney experienced in probate administration to determine if probate is necessary and if so, the most appropriate proceeding.
            With the caveat in mind that the type of procedure required will vary depending on the state of administration and the nature and value of a decedent’s assets, a typical, non-small estate probate would proceed as follows: 
 

• A person, typically the closest relative (in the case of a decedent who died without a will) or the person nominated in the decedent’s will to serve as the Personal Representative “PR” (aka “executor”), applies to the court to be appointed as the PR of the estate.  
• The proposed PR submits the alleged last will of the decedent with the application and asks the court to declare it as the valid and last testamentary instrument of the decedent or, the PR alleges that the decedent died without a will and administration of the estate should proceed under the intestate laws of succession.
• Once the person is appointed PR and the will (if any)  is admitted through a court order, the PR will receive letters of administration (intestate estate) or letters testamentary (testate estate), which is a document signed by the judge that states that the person has authority to act as the PR. The “letters” essentially act as the PR’s badge of authority and can be presented to allow the PR to carry out his or her tasks, such as opening a bank account for the estate, deeding real property, etc.
• The PR provides notice of his or her appointment to the spouse, children, heirs, and devisees of the decedent and to the state of domicile (when required).
• Notice to unknown creditors is published in the paper in the county where the decedent was domiciled and notice is sent to known creditors so that the PR can determine which debts of the decedent are valid and should be paid before assets are distributed to the heirs (intestate) or devisees (testate).  Claims must be presented within certain time frames or they will be barred. 
• The PR prepares an inventory of the estate’s assets, makes an accounting of the debts and expenses of administration, pays valid debts, takes care of any tax filings and tax liability, and distributes property to the heirs or devisees. To distribute, the PR takes actions such as issuing checks from the estate account, signing deeds to transfer a decedent’s interest in real property, signing vehicle titles, and other actions that are necessary to actually transfer possession and confirm title in the rightful recipient of the property.
• Once all of the above tasks have been completed and the minimum amount of time has passed as required by applicable state law, the PR can submit documents to close the estate with the court. In Idaho, the earliest a PR can close an estate is six months from the date the PR was appointed. 

 
The following are circumstances under which probate will be avoided:
 

• The decedent did not own any real property in the decedent’s name and the decedent’s personal property was of insufficient value to warrant a probate proceeding under the laws of the state of the decedent’s domicile;
• The decedent did not own any real or personal property in the decedent’s name at the time of death because the decedent deeded and otherwise transferred all of the decedent’s property to the trustee of his or her revocable living trust, which trust was created during the decedent’s lifetime; or
• All of the decedent’s assets pass by beneficiary designations or payable on death designations. 

 
         The last two categories are examples of what are referred to as “non-probate assets,” which will not need to be transferred pursuant to a court probate proceeding. Nonetheless, non-probate assets will be subject to the legitimate debts of the decedent. In the case of assets transferred to a trustee, there will need to be a trust administration, which procedure is similar to a probate proceeding. 
        You might be wondering whether you should employ a planning strategy to avoid probate. And likely, you’ve heard a horror story about a probate that took years and cost thousands of dollars in court costs and attorney’s fees. The truth is that in some states the probate process is more involved, meaning an increase in attorney time, and the courts require higher costs throughout the process. On the other hand, there are other states, such as Idaho, where court costs are relatively low and there is minimal court involvement, meaning lower attorney’s fees. Frankly, an estate that drags on for years or gets horribly expensive is mostly likely due to fighting among the heirs and devisees, rather than the process itself. 
       In order to definitively advise you as to whether you should endeavor to avoid probate, we need to know your state of domicile, information about the nature of your assets (type, value, location) and what is important to you and your legacy. Next month, we’ll explain some circumstances under which one would want to avoid probate and the pros and cons of creating a revocable living trust as a planning tool.   
 

What happens to my property if I die without a will?
 
By Kiley & Steve Stuchlik, Attorneys at Law
 
Last month, we explained that a Last Will and Testament or a Revocable Living Trust with A Pour-Over Will constitute the main estate planning documents that govern the distribution of your assets upon your death. But you might be wondering, what happens if I die without any such instrument? You might have heard the term “intestate.” Does that mean that if you die without an estate plan your assets pass to the State? No, not unless your intestate heirs cannot be determined—see below. What is meant by intestate is that if you die without a properly executed testamentary instrument (such as a will or trust), the distribution of your assets will be governed by the intestate laws of the State in which you are domiciled at the date of your death. 

In other words, each state has drafted a default estate plan to govern who should receive a decedent’s assets in the absence of a properly executed testamentary instrument. 
In Idaho, the laws of intestate succession can be summarized as—down (issue, i.e. children), up (parents), and out (siblings, cousins, etc.) with specific rules for succession that relate to a surviving spouse. Idaho code provides that with respect to intestate succession when the decedent is survived by a spouse, the decedent’s interest in community property (all property acquired during marriage except by gift or inheritance and kept separate) passes to the surviving spouse. SeeI.C. 15-2-102.  It further provides that the decedent’s interest in separate property (acquired before marriage or during marriage by gift or inheritance and continuously kept separate), will pass one-half to the decedent’s issue (children, and down, as appropriate per any predeceased issue) or if the decedent died without issue, one-half to the decedent’s parents. If the decedent died without surviving issue or parents, the decedent’s interest in separate property will pass entirely to the surviving spouse.  

In the case of intestate succession for an individual who dies without a surviving spouse, issue, or parents, the estate would be split in half, with one half passing to heirs on the decedent’s paternal side and the other half passing to heirs on the decedent’s maternal side--siblings (if any), then first cousins, first cousins once removed, etc., depending on predeceased heirs. Only in circumstances where an individual dies without such living relatives or where it is impossible to determine the decedent’s relatives or when no one steps up to take on that task, will the decedent’s property escheat (pass) to the state.
For some people, such as the case with a decedent of a long-term marriage where all property is community and there is a surviving spouse, the effect of intestate succession may accomplish what the decedent wanted anyhow. Or, in the case of a couple with only joint children, intestate succession may accomplish want the parents would have written up in a testamentary instrument if they had executed one.  But, the circumstances of many families are such that intestate succession would not achieve the decedent’s desired outcome. In the case of a decedent survived by stepchildren for example, you can imagine situations where because of the closeness of the stepparent-child relationship, stepchildren would be shocked and hurt to be unintentionally disinherited by the state’s intestate succession laws. 

Besides being able to determine who gets your assets, another objective you can achieve through planning is to nominate individuals you want in charge of administering your estate and distributing your assets. You can also express your instructions for the administration of your estate on issues such as: waiving bond, having certain expenses paid, and passing assets free of secured debt, among other issues.  Thus, even if the intestate plan of distribution works well for you and your family, there are still important objectives that you can accomplish by executing a testamentary instrument. 

Even spouses who only own community property and want to leave everything to each other benefit from engaging in some estate planning. Through planning, those spouses can ensure that the surviving spouse will not have to engage in any court administration of the deceased spouse’s estate in order to confirm title to the assets in the surviving spouse’s name.  And while you cannot avoid the necessity for court administration just by having a will, there are other planning techniques that can be utilized to accomplish that purpose. In next month’s blog, we’ll explain what court administration (aka “probate”) is and the techniques that can be used to avoid probate, if that is a desired outcome. 
 

Planning for Your People and Why You Need to Do It
 
By Kiley Stuchlik, Attorney at Law
 
Perhaps you’re thinking that you don’t own an “estate” and that estate planning is only for the rich and elderly. I’ll admit that estate planning is not the most accurate term for the type of planning we, at Stuchlik law, help people engage in. More accurately, we engage in people planning. What I mean by people planning is that we help you plan for the most important people in your life, including yourself. While we plan for your death, we also plan for events that may occur during your lifetime.
For example, if you are a parent with minor children, we can help you get a custodial power of attorney executed so that should you go on a trip without your children, you can designate someone to take care of your children and you can legally authorize that person to make important decisions on their behalf while you are away.
Other documents that plan for lifetime events include a durable financial power of attorney (“POA”) and a living will and durable power of attorney for healthcare. The durable POA can be used for convenience when you cannot physically be somewhere to sign.  Also, because the POA is durable,  it survives your incapacity and can be used out of  necessity. For example, if you get in an accident and become mentally incompetent but need to sign something, your agent under the durable POA can sign on your behalf. Having the durable POA in place could save your loved ones the time, hassle, and expense of initiating a costly court conservatorship proceeding in order to manage your financial affairs upon your incapacity.  
The living will and durable POA for healthcare allows you to provide guidance on your end-of-life care and also allows you to designate someone as your agent to make health-care decisions for you in the event that you are unable to communicate those decisions.
And yes, we deal with your property,  your “estate,” as part of your people planning. We help you determine who gets what assets and who will be in charge of distributing your estate assets. Those decisions are memorialized in a Last Will and Testament or through a Living Trust with a Pour-Over Will.
However, even a will or trust can provide critical planning for your people. For instance, if you are preparing a will or trust at a stage in life when you have young children, it is a good idea to include trust provisions so that should you die when your children are still young, those provisions ensure that your assets will be managed for your children’s benefit by someone you trust until your children reach each a certain age when you feel they will be responsible enough to receive your assets outright.  
Another critical way in which these documents can help serve people is through special needs or supplemental needs trust planning. For example, if you have a disabled adult that you want to provide money to (either before or after your death) but you know he or she is receiving government, means-tested benefits, you should. provide those funds through a carefully drafted supplemental needs trusts so as to ensure that your gift does not disqualify the individual from the government benefits. Sadly, before attorneys engaged in this type of trust planning, people were simply advised to disinherit their disabled loved ones. 
As a parent of young ones myself, I would be remiss not to mention that the most critical objective parents of minor children can achieve through planning is to designate who will take care of their children, both physically and financially, in the event that both parents/legal guardians pass away. Through nomination of individuals to serve in these roles, you can provide critical instruction to a judge who will ultimately have the task of formally appointing people to fulfill those roles. You can also document anyone you would not want to serve in those roles. Without these instructions, the judge will have to rely solely on the testimony of those who willingly participate in court proceedings to appoint a guardian and conservator for your children.
If you’ve made it this far, I hope that you now understand why, regardless of the size of your “estate,” you need to engage in planning for you and your people and you understand that such planning is not just for your death but also for events that may occur during your life. If you’re ready to move forward with planning for your people, please contact us. We provide affordable, flat fee services.

When it Comes to Management of Financial Accounts, Choosing the “Convenient” Option May Lead to Inconvenient and Unintended Consequences
 
Generally speaking, there are three (3) ways that a person can hold a bank account (and other like financial accounts) with another person:

• Co-Ownership (with right of survivorship);
• “Payable on Death” with named beneficiaries (a.k.a. a “Totten Trust”); and
• Designated authorized signatory(ies) (a.k.a. a power of attorney).

 
When setting up or reviewing one’s accounts, it is important to be sure that the account is titled properly to avoid any unforeseen consequences.
 
When people age, they inevitably start asking the question, “How will my affairs be handled if I am hospitalized or I lose the mental capacity to handle my affairs?”  One self-help solution to this conundrum that I often hear from people is, “I ‘put’ my adult child on my accounts, and he/she will take care of it…” (i.e. option 1 above). The reason that I hear most often as to why people picked that option is: “It’s convenient.”
 
But, is adding an adult child to a financial account a good idea?  The answer in most, if not all, instances is no.
 
Adding an adult child to your financial account(s) may result in the following unintended consequences:

• Adding an adult child to a financial account may unintentionally change your estate plan. 

For example, if you have three children that you want to benefit equally in your estate under your will or trust (including receiving an equal share of your financial accounts), but you put one ofthose children on one or more of your financial accounts, that child will receive a disproportionate share of your estate because that child will receive the balance in those account(s) as a matter of law via the child being a co-owner of the account(s). In other words, the other children will not receive a share of those co-owned account(s) under your will or trust. *
 
*There may be options to rectify this situation, but it will likely require the cooperation of the unintended beneficiary (i.e. your co-owner child) and will add undue time and undue time and expense to administration of a your estate.

• Adding an adult child to a financial account may subject your assets to the creditors of your child. 
  

For example, if the child on the account is sued and suffers a significant judgment, the judgment creditor may seek to satisfy the judgment out of your account, because legally, your child also now owns your account, even if this was not your intention.

• Adding an adult child to a financial account may inadvertently subject you to the requirement of filing a gift tax return. 
  

 
Merely adding your child to the account will likely not trigger such a requirement, but if your child withdraws more than the current IRS gift tax exemption threshold (approx. $15,000.00), then you may [will most likely] need to file a gift tax return.This consideration should be discussed with your CPA and/or professional tax advisor.

• Adding an adult child to certain financial accounts may unintentionally prevent your child from benefitting from certain tax advantages related to inheritance.
  

 
Before making the decision to add an adult child to your financial account(s), a person should seek counsel with their attorney, CPA, and other professional financial advisor(s), as it may be more advantageous to your child, from a tax standpoint, to inherit account balances rather than received them by gift during your lifetime.

• Adding an adult child to a financial account may unintentionally prevent your child from qualifying from certain means-tested benefits. 
  

 
Because the child becomes an owner of the account, the money in the account may be a countable resource if your child is attempting to qualify for means-tested benefits such as Medicaid or financial aid for their own college-aged children.
 
The good news is that there are alternatives to adding your child to a financial account as a co-owner.  As I mentioned in option 3 above, a child can be designated a power of attorney on the account, or if it is consistent with your estate plan, a child can be added as a “payable on death” beneficiary of certain accounts.  Additionally, there are broader alternatives, such as a financial “durable power of attorney” or a revocable living trust, that may accomplish your goals if you are concerned about the management of your financial affairs in the event of your incapacity or disability.
 
In any event, you should consult with an estate planning attorney prior to making any decision with respect to your estate plan, including making changes regarding the ownership of financial accounts or changes regarding the designation of payable on death beneficiaries for those accounts.   As outlined above, adding a child to your account may seem convenient at the time, but it can cause some very inconvenient consequences both before and after your death.

Corb Lund Got Me to Thinking. . .
 
For those of you who do not know, a Corb Lund is not a new brand of automobile.  He is a singer/songwriter from Alberta, Canada, who, in my humble opinion, along with his band “The Hurtin’ Albertans,” makes some of the best music a person can find these days.  Lyrically, he is a talented storyteller and has a knack for making the listener think and feel.  In any event, I recommend you check him out, if you don’t already know: www.corblund.com.  Also, you can see him at the 2020 Weiser River Music Fest: www.weiserrivermusicfest.com.
 
I was listening to one particular song the other day called the “S Lazy H,” and Corb Lund got me to thinking.  The premise of the song is as follows.  A man grew up on a big cattle ranch (the S Lazy H) that had been in his family for generations.  Because the man’s dad needed help running the ranch, he did not go off to college.  Meanwhile, his sister went off to the city.  After his parents passed away, he continued running the ranch.  But, after a time, his sister returned with her new husband (who happens to be a lawyer).  His sister wants her half of the ranch (presumably spurred on by her nefarious lawyer husband) and proceeds to force the man to sell a large portion of the ranch to buy out his sister’s half.  Eventually, he is unable to make ends meet with what was left and loses the S Lazy H.  It is Corb Lund storytelling at its finest.  It is also sad, and a story that far too many people can relate.
 
The situational irony here is that the song’s villain is a lawyer, and a lawyer (in addition to a couple more team members) is just the person who could have helped avoid the sad ending in the first place.  Now, for those of you who know me, you know that self-deprecation is one of my few talents, and I certainly make no exception for my chosen profession.  That being the case, though, I am not above coming to the defense of lawyers when the situation calls for it.
 
Family farms and ranches are an icon, especially here in the American West where we have chosen to call home.  And the folks who make their living on those farms and ranches are some of our greatest land stewards.  It makes sense that those same people have a special sentimentality for the land they care for, and to some, the thought of subdivisions, development, or foreign interests looms like a dark cloud over the future of those open spaces.  In the case of the S Lazy H, its unfortunate end could have been avoided by some foresight, communication, and planning.
 
Foresight:
 
When considering a succession plan, it is important for any person to make a fair assessment of what it is that they have.  In the case of the S Lazy H, the man’s parents would have known that they had a relatively large cattle operation that relied on a significant amount of acreage in order to be viable, and they had two kids.  Based on the story in the song, they knew (or should have known) that the law would default to each of their kids getting one-half of their estate upon their death.  And they presumably knew that neither of their kids had the liquid capital to buy out the other’s half upon their parents’ death (not that their daughter and her fancy-pants lawyer husband would have wanted to ranch anyway).  Armed with this information, the parents should have asked themselves several questions:
 

• Do we want the S Lazy H to remain in the family? 
• Do we want the S Lazy H to continue operating as part of our legacy?
• Do we have a child (or children) who is/are interested in being our successor? 
• Can the S Lazy H continue to be viable if it is less than its current size? 
• Can the S Lazy H financially support more than one family? 

 
After answering these questions, it was then time for the parents to sit down and have a frank discussion with their children.
 
Communication:
 
A person’s estate plan is a personal decision, but in the case of succession planning for the family farm or ranch, communication among the family is usually advisable.  There is a lyric in the song that goes like this: “[s]ometimes right isn’t equal / [s]ometimes equal’s not fair.”  This is an apt assessment of the situation that often arises in succession planning, but if you ask me (not that you did. . . but you’re getting an answer anyway), communicating what is right, what is equal (or not), and what is fair (or not) is best put on the table on your own terms.  Planning on your terms, on the front end, rather than letting a court sort it out on the back end, will ultimately make the succession process easier and will alleviate (at least to some extent) hurt feelings.  As I alluded to above, in order to keep agriculture operations viable, the division of an estate may not always be “equal” among heirs.  This is not to say that every succession plan should have an unequal allocation of estate assets, but if there is an “on-farm/ranch” child it may make sense to leave that asset to that child.  On the other hand, if keeping the farm/ranch in the family is not a priority, it may make perfect sense to direct that the property be liquidated, and the proceeds distributed equally among the heirs. 
 
In the case of the S Lazy H, the parents would have been ahead to call a family meeting and let their children know their vision for the future of the ranch.  On the one hand, the parents could have told their son, “It’s time for you to find another job, because we are going to leave the ranch to you and your sister equally.”  Or, on the other hand, the parents could have said, “There have been six generations of our family on the S Lazy H, and we would love to see it continue; so, we are going to leave the ranch to you, son, and this is how it will work. . .”  In either circumstance, one of the kids likely would have felt put out, but at least the cards would have been on the table, so to speak.  Furthermore, it would have provided the opportunity for the children to come to terms with their parents’ decision and make their own plans accordingly.  Additionally, irrespective of their decision, the parents should have communicated with their professional team in order to effectively put their plan into action when the time came.
 
Planning:
 
Even if there is going to be an unequal allocation of the family farm or ranch, it does not necessarily mean that the estate has to be unfair.  It is important that, in addition to the family, folks communicate with professionals that can objectively advise them on their estate plan including: their attorney; their tax advisor; their financial planner(s); and their insurer(s).  Compiling a qualified team of professionals that understands your situation and goals will go a long way toward reaching peace of mind about your legacy and ensuring a seamless succession of your family farm or ranch.
 
In the case of the S Lazy H, the parents could have considered the value that their son would be getting in the inheritance of the ranch.  The parents then, in consultation with their attorney, could have made arrangements in their properly drafted will or trust to leave other assets such as cash, other (non-ranch) real property, or personal property to their daughter.  Additionally, with some foresight, they could have considered leaving investment accounts or life insurance in an “unequal” share to their daughter, by working with their financial advisor(s) and insurance agent(s).  Perhaps in the end, their estate would not have been divided 50-50, but they could have planned to make the end result more equitable to everyone involved, while at the same time preserving the legacy of the S Lazy H.

Conclusion:
 
The takeaways from the lesson of the S Lazy H are this:  1) If leaving a family farm or ranch as part of a person’s legacy is important to them, then they need to take the time to have some foresight, communication and planning; 2) Lawyers can be your friend – they’re not always the villain; and 3) Corb Lund makes some excellent music. 
 
But I suppose that if everyone heeded my advice here, then we would never have gotten “S Lazy H,” and it is one heck of a great song. So, for that I will be thankful, and let’s hope that Corb won’t have reason to pen a sequel.